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法理学 — 课程大纲（Jurisprudence — Syllabus）

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阅读材料说明。 以下每一章之后均附两个板块。经典文献（Classic references）列出 5—7 部权威学术成果——期刊论文、专著与教科书——并附完整引注信息；延伸阅读（Further reading）列出开放获取的阅读文章，所有链接均已核验为可访问（HTTP 200），并于 2026 年 9 月 12—14 日完成内容比对。课程内容和阅读材料会随着学术与实践发展的需求而不断更新。

Readings. Each lecture below is followed by two blocks. Classic references lists 5–7 works of established scholarship — journal articles, monographs, and textbooks — with full citation details; Further reading lists open-access reading articles, every link was verified as accessible (HTTP 200) and content-checked on 12–14 September 2026. Course content and readings will be updated continually as scholarship and practice evolve.

1. 课程信息（Course Information）

项目（Item） 内容（Detail）
课程名称（Course Title） 法理学（Jurisprudence）
课程类型（Course Type） 必修核心理论课程（Compulsory core theory course）
学分（Credit Value） 3 学分（3 credits）
学时（Contact Hours） 48 学时，含讲授与研讨（48: lectures and seminars）

2. 课程说明（Course Description）

法理学是对法律的一般性哲学研究。它提出跨越一切具体法律体系的概念性与规范性追问：法律是什么？法律必须是强制性的吗？法律与道德之间是否存在必然联系？法律能否对其约束对象主张权威？法律与正义之间是何种关系？等等。一言以蔽之，法理学研究的是法律的第一性原理（复数）。

Jurisprudence is the philosophical study of law in general. It asks conceptual and normative questions that cut across all particular legal systems: What is law? Must law be coercive? Is there a necessary connection between law and morality? Can law claim authority over those it binds? What is the relationship between law and justice? In short, jurisprudence investigates the first principles of law.

本课沿两条互补的线索展开。概念线索经由主要法学流派考察法律的本质、法律规范、法律推理与法律效力。历史线索将这些流派置于其思想脉络之中，追溯西方与中国法律理论自古及今的发展。

The course proceeds along two complementary tracks. The conceptual track examines the nature of law, legal norms, legal reasoning, and legal validity through the main schools of legal thought. The historical track situates those schools in their intellectual contexts, tracing the development of Western and Chinese legal theory from antiquity to the present.

法理学的最初学术传统来自于西方，但其覆盖范围早已超出了原产地。课程结束时，学生应能批判性地参与法理学的核心论争，将本国法律教义置于更广阔的理论框架中加以定位，并就法律的本质与目的构建并辩护有理据的论证。

The earliest scholarly tradition of jurisprudence is Western, but its reach has long extended beyond its place of origin. By the end of the course, students will be able to engage critically with the central debates of jurisprudence, to situate domestic legal doctrine within a broader theoretical framework, and to construct and defend reasoned arguments about the nature and purpose of law.

3. 学习成果（Learning Outcomes）

顺利完成本课后，学生应能够：

On successful completion of the course, a student should be able to:

  1. 识别并解释 法理学的核心问题，以及主要法学流派给出的主要答案。

    Identify and explain the central questions of jurisprudence and the principal answers offered by the major schools of legal thought.

  2. 区分并比较 自然法理论、法律实证主义、法律现实主义、解释主义与批判法学进路，并援引其代表人物与文本。

    Distinguish and compare natural law theory, legal positivism, legal realism, interpretivism, and critical approaches to law, with reference to their leading proponents and texts.

  3. 分析与表达 法律与道德、政治和社会之间的关系，并评价关于法律效力与法律权威的各种相互竞争的主张。

    Analyse and express the relationship between law, morality, politics, and society, and evaluate competing accounts of legal validity and legal authority.

  4. 运用与扩展 法理学理论处理具体的法律与社会问题，包括权利、正义、裁判与法治等问题。

    Apply and extend jurisprudential theory to concrete legal and social problems, including questions of rights, justice, adjudication, and the rule of law.

  5. 建构与论证 在分析性法律哲学中形成清晰、论证充分且引注规范的口头与书面论述。

    Construct and defend clear, well-reasoned, and properly referenced oral and written arguments in analytic legal philosophy.

  6. 反思与批判 特定法律体系所生产的那些预设，并借助既有理论评价法律在社会中的意义。

    Reflect on and critique the assumptions that particular legal systems produce, and appraise the significance of law in society by reference to established theory.

4. 教学策略（Teaching and Learning Strategy）

本课通过课堂讲授、苏格拉底式研讨、指导性阅读以及案例与问题导向的讨论相结合的方式实施。讲授引入理论框架与主要论点；研讨则要求学生围绕指定阅读材料中的既定问题展开，并在讨论中为自己的立场辩护。

The course is delivered through a combination of lectures, Socratic seminars, guided reading, and case- and problem-based discussion. Lectures introduce the theoretical framework and the primary arguments; seminars require students to work through set questions on the assigned readings and to defend positions in discussion.

学生应在每次课前完成指定阅读。每次研讨的参考准备时间约为三小时：一小时阅读原始文本，一小时阅读二手评注，一小时就讨论问题作书面准备。

Students are expected to complete the assigned reading before each session. Indicative preparation for each seminar is approximately three hours: one hour of primary-text reading, one hour of secondary commentary, and one hour of written preparation of the discussion questions.

参与度考核奖励有依据的贡献，而非单纯的出席。书面作业从论证、结构、材料运用与表达清晰度四方面评定。

Assessment of participation rewards informed contribution rather than mere attendance. Written work is assessed on argument, structure, use of sources, and clarity of expression.

5. 考核方式（Assessment）

组成（Component） 占比（Weight） 说明（Description）
研讨参与（Seminar participation） 20% 在研讨中有积极、持续地贡献意见（Informed, consistent contribution to seminar discussion）
期末考核（Final assessment） 80% 写作一篇学术论文，字数建议 5,000–10,000 字，具体要求另行发布（Write an academic paper; suggested length 5,000–10,000 words; specific requirements to be announced separately）

所有考核环节均须参加方可通过本课。研讨参与训练分析与表达、运用与扩展的能力。期末论文考核检有力的建构与论证、独立的批判与反思能力。

All components must be attempted to pass the course. Seminar participation develops the abilities of analysis and expression, and application and extension. The final paper assesses the capacities of sound construction and argumentation, and independent critique and reflection.

6. 教学内容（Module Outline）

第一单元 · 基础（Part I — Foundations）

PI.1. 安提戈涅：法律的源初冲突 —— 索福克勒斯的《安提戈涅》作为本课全部论争的起点：诸神的不成文法与君主敕令之间的碰撞，家庭与国家、良知与权威之间的碰撞。代表性解读：黑格尔论伦理冲突的悲剧与伦理实体（Sittlichkeit）；自然法与实证主义关于不成文法与主权命令的对立；努斯鲍姆论悲剧、审议与善的脆弱性；巴特勒论亲属关系、性别与国家；拉康论欲望与象征秩序；斯坦纳论该剧的接受史；批判性与女性主义解读（杜齐纳斯与沃林顿；卡瓦雷罗；霍尼格）；以及关于克瑞翁主权例外的政治神学解读。

PI.1. Antigone: The Founding Conflict of Law — Sophocles' Antigone as the origin of the course's debates: the collision between the gods' unwritten law and the sovereign decree, between family and state, conscience and authority. Representative readings: Hegel on the tragedy of ethical collision and Sittlichkeit; the natural-law and positivist opposition of unwritten law to sovereign command; Nussbaum on tragedy, deliberation and the fragility of goodness; Butler on kinship, gender and the state; Lacan on desire and the symbolic order; Steiner on the play's reception; critical and feminist readings (Douzinas and Warrington; Cavarero; Honig); and political-theological readings of Creon's sovereign exception.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Sophocles, Antigone, in Plays of Sophocles: Oedipus the King; Oedipus at Colonus; Antigone, trans. F. Storr, London: William Heinemann, 1912. → Project Gutenberg
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1977) Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ch. VI. → Open Library
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (1986) The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Butler, J. (2000) Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death, New York: Columbia University Press. → Open Library
  • Lacan, J. (1992) The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book VII: The Ethics of Psychoanalysis 1959-1960, ed. J.-A. Miller, trans. D. Porter, London: Routledge. → Open Library
  • Steiner, G. (1984) Antigones, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Douzinas, C. and Warrington, R. (1994) Justice Miscarried: Ethics, Aesthetics and the Law, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. → Open Library
  • Vardoulakis, D. (2012) '"Invincible Eros": Democracy and the Vicissitudes of Participation in Antigone', Law & Literature, vol. 24, pp. 213-231. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PI.2. 导论：什么是法理学？ —— “法律是什么”这一问题；法理学与法律理论；法律哲学的方法；法理学与其他学科的关系。

PI.2. Introduction: What is Jurisprudence? — The question "What is law?"; jurisprudence and legal theory; method in legal philosophy; the relationship between jurisprudence and other disciplines.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Hart, H. L. A. (1954) 'Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence', Law Quarterly Review, vol. 70, pp. 37–60. → HeinOnline
  • Cotterrell, R. (2003) The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy, 2nd edn, London: LexisNexis. → Open Library
  • Simmonds, N. E. (2018) Central Issues in Jurisprudence: Justice, Law and Rights, 5th edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell. → Open Library
  • Freeman, M. D. A. (2014) Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence, 9th edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell. → Open Library
  • Kelly, J. M. (1992) A Short History of Western Legal Theory, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Tur, R. H. S. (1978) 'What is Jurisprudence?', The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 111, pp. 149–161. → doi.org
  • Posner, R. A. (1987) 'The Decline of Law as an Autonomous Discipline: 1962–1987', Harvard Law Review, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 761–780. → doi.org
  • Harris, J. W. (1997) Legal Philosophies, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths. → Open Library
  • 刘星（1997）《法律是什么：二十世纪英美法理学批判阅读》，广州：广东旅游出版社。→ Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PI.3. 法律理论的性质与范围 —— 分析性、规范性与社会学进路；法律体系的概念；法律效力问题。

PI.3. The Nature and Scope of Legal Theory — Analytical, normative, and sociological approaches; the concept of a legal system; the problem of legal validity.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Dickson, J. (2001) Evaluation and Legal Theory, Oxford: Hart Publishing. → Open Library
  • Leiter, B. (2007) Naturalizing Jurisprudence: Essays on American Legal Realism and Naturalism in Legal Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 1. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PI.4. 法律的渊源与分类 —— 法律的主要渊源：立法与法典编纂、习惯与先例；判决理由（ratio decidendi）、附带意见（obiter dicta）与遵循先例（stare decisis）；法律的分类（民事与刑事、实体与程序、国内与国际、公法与私法）。

PI.4. Sources and Classification of Law — The principal sources of law: legislation and codification, custom, and precedent; ratio decidendi, obiter dicta, and stare decisis; the classification of law (civil and criminal, substantive and procedural, municipal and international, public and private).

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Salmond, J. W. (1957) Salmond on Jurisprudence, 11th edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell. → Open Library
  • Gray, J. C. (1909) The Nature and Sources of the Law, New York: Columbia University Press. → Open Library
  • Paton, G. W. (1946) A Text-book of Jurisprudence, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Cross, R. (1961) Precedent in English Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Goodhart, A. L. (1930) 'Determining the Ratio Decidendi of a Case', Yale Law Journal, vol. 40, pp. 161–183. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PI.5. 法律人格、财产与占有 —— 法律人格的概念，自然人与法人；胎儿、未成年人与死者的地位；占有与所有；财产与产权。

PI.5. Legal Personality, Property and Possession — The concept of legal personality, natural and corporate; the status of the unborn, the minor, and the deceased; possession and ownership; property and title.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Dias, R. W. M. (1957) Jurisprudence, London: Butterworths. → Open Library
  • Pollock, F. and Wright, R. S. (1888) An Essay on Possession in the Common Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Pollock, F. and Maitland, F. W. (1895) The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Waldron, J. (1988) The Right to Private Property, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Smith, B. (1928) 'Legal Personality', Yale Law Journal, vol. 37, pp. 283–299. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PI.6. 责任与法律责任 —— 施加责任的条件；犯罪意图（mens rea）、故意与过失；因果关系；严格责任与替代责任；法律义务与道德责任的关系。

PI.6. Liability and Legal Responsibility — The conditions for imposing liability; mens rea, intention, and negligence; causation; strict and vicarious liability; the relation between legal and moral responsibility.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Hart, H. L. A. (1968) Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Hart, H. L. A. and Honoré, A. M. (1959) Causation in the Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1948–49) 'The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 49, pp. 171–194. → doi.org
  • Hall, J. (1947) General Principles of Criminal Law, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. → Open Library
  • Fletcher, G. P. (1978) Rethinking Criminal Law, Boston: Little, Brown. → Open Library
  • Kenny, C. S. (1902) Outlines of Criminal Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

第二单元 · 古典传统（Part II — Classical Traditions）

PII.1. 亚里士多德论矫正正义与分配正义 —— 《尼各马可伦理学》第五卷中的分配正义（几何比例）与矫正正义或恢复正义（算术比例）；亚里士多德二元正义理论的架构。

PII.1. Aristotle on Corrective and Distributive Justice — Distributive justice (geometric proportion) versus corrective or rectificatory justice (arithmetic proportion) in the Nicomachean Ethics, Book V; the architecture of Aristotle's twofold theory of justice.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Aristotle (1999) Nicomachean Ethics, trans. T. Irwin, 2nd edn, Indianapolis: Hackett. → Open Library
  • Aristotle (1946) The Politics of Aristotle, trans. E. Barker, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • MacIntyre, A. (1988) Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, London: Duckworth. → Open Library
  • Wood, E. M. and Wood, N. (1978) Class Ideology and Ancient Political Theory, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. → Open Library
  • Miller, F. D. (1995) Nature, Justice, and Rights in Aristotle's Politics, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Newman, W. L. (1902) The Politics of Aristotle, 4 vols, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Hardie, W. F. R. (1968) Aristotle's Ethical Theory, 2nd edn, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PII.2. 古代法 —— 柏拉图与苏格拉底论法律与国家；亚里士多德论社会、伦理以及矫正正义与分配正义。

PII.2. Law in Antiquity — Plato and Socrates on law and the state; Aristotle on society, ethics, and corrective and distributive justice.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Plato, The Republic, trans. G. M. A. Grube, rev. C. D. C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), Books II and IV. → Project Gutenberg
  • Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. T. Irwin, 2nd edn (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1999), Book V. → Project Gutenberg
  • Aristotle, Politics, trans. C. D. C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1998), Books I–III. → Project Gutenberg
  • Barker, E. (1959) The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, New York: Dover Publications. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PII.3. 古典自然法 —— 西塞罗论自然法；圣奥古斯丁；圣托马斯·阿奎那与经院哲学；自然法（lex naturalis）传统。

PII.3. Classical Natural Law — Cicero on natural law; St Augustine; St Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism; the lex naturalis tradition.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Aquinas, T. Summa Theologiae, I–II, qq. 90–97 ('Treatise on Law'), trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1920). → New Advent
  • Cicero, On the Commonwealth and On the Laws, ed. J. E. G. Zetzel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), De Re Publica III and De Legibus I. → Open Library
  • d'Entrèves, A. P. (1951) Natural Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy, London: Hutchinson. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PII.4. 近代自然法与社会契约论 —— 格劳秀斯；霍布斯；洛克；卢梭；从自然法到自然权利的转变。

PII.4. Modern Natural Law and Social Contract Theory — Grotius; Hobbes; Locke; Rousseau; the transition from natural law to natural rights.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Grotius, H. (1625) The Rights of War and Peace, ed. R. Tuck (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005), Prolegomena and Book I. → archive.org
  • Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan, ed. R. Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), chs 13–18. → Project Gutenberg
  • Locke, J. (1690) Two Treatises of Government, ed. P. Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Second Treatise, chs 2, 8–9. → Open Library
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1762) On the Social Contract, in The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. V. Gourevitch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), Books I–II. → Project Gutenberg
  • Tuck, R. (1979) Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Rawls, J. (2007) Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. S. Freeman, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PII.5. 近代哲学：笛卡尔、休谟与康德 —— 笛卡尔理性主义与向主体的转向；休谟的经验论与“是—应当”之分；康德的批判哲学与道德法则的自律。

PII.5. Modern Philosophy: Descartes, Hume and Kant — Cartesian rationalism and the turn to the subject; Hume's empiricism and the is–ought distinction; Kant's critical philosophy and the autonomy of the moral law.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Descartes, R. (1999) Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, 4th edn, trans. D. A. Cress, Indianapolis: Hackett. → Open Library
  • Hume, D. (1739–40) A Treatise of Human Nature. → Project Gutenberg
  • Hume, D. (1748) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. → Project Gutenberg
  • Kant, I. (1781/1787) The Critique of Pure Reason, trans. J. M. D. Meiklejohn. → Project Gutenberg
  • Kant, I. (1785) Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. T. K. Abbott. → Project Gutenberg
  • MacIntyre, A. C. (1959) 'Hume on "Is" and "Ought"', The Philosophical Review, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 451–468. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

第三单元 · 自然法的复兴（Part III — Natural Law Revival）

PIII.1. 哈特与富勒之争 —— 法律实证主义对自然法：法律与道德的分离（哈特 1958）对法律的内在道德性（富勒 1958、1964）；纽伦堡审判，以及“不正义的法律是否根本不是法律”这一问题。

PIII.1. The Hart-Fuller Debate — Legal positivism versus natural law: the separation of law and morals (Hart 1958) against the inner morality of law (Fuller 1958 and 1964); Nuremberg and the question whether an unjust law is no law at all.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Hart, H. L. A. (1958) 'Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals', Harvard Law Review, vol. 71, pp. 593-629. → doi.org
  • Fuller, L. L. (1958) 'Positivism and Fidelity to Law, A Reply to Professor Hart', Harvard Law Review, vol. 71, pp. 630-672. → doi.org
  • Dyzenhaus, D. (1999) Legality and Legitimacy: The Hart-Fuller Debate and the Rule of Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PIII.2. 富勒与法律的道德性 —— “法律的内在道德性”；八项要件；哈特与富勒之争。

PIII.2. Fuller and the Morality of Law — The "inner morality of law"; the eight desiderata; the Hart–Fuller debate.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Fuller, L. L. (1969) The Morality of Law, rev. edn, New Haven: Yale University Press. → Open Library
  • Fuller, L. L. (1958) 'Positivism and Fidelity to Law: A Reply to Professor Hart', Harvard Law Review, vol. 71, pp. 630–672. → doi.org
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1965) 'Review of Lon L. Fuller, The Morality of Law', Harvard Law Review, vol. 78, pp. 1281–1296. → doi.org
  • Fuller, L. L. (1978) 'The Forms and Limits of Adjudication', Harvard Law Review, vol. 92, pp. 353–409. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PIII.3. 菲尼斯与新托马斯主义 —— 基本善；实践理性；自然法与自然权利。

PIII.3. Finnis and Neo-Thomism — Basic goods; practical reasonableness; natural law and natural rights.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Finnis, J. (2011) Natural Law and Natural Rights, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Finnis, J. (1983) Fundamentals of Ethics, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. → Open Library
  • Grisez, G., Boyle, J. and Finnis, J. (1987) 'Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends', American Journal of Jurisprudence, vol. 32, pp. 99–151. → doi.org
  • George, R. P. (ed.) (1992) Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Murphy, M. C. (2006) Natural Law in Jurisprudence and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Simmonds, N. E. (2007) Law as a Moral Idea, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

第四单元 · 法律实证主义（Part IV — Legal Positivism）

PIV.1. 奥斯丁的命令理论与哈特的法律概念 —— 命令—主权理论对初级规则与次级规则理论；承认规则取代主权者；奥斯丁模型的遗产。

PIV.1. Austin's Command Theory versus Hart's Concept of Law — The command-and-sovereignty theory against the theory of primary and secondary rules; the rule of recognition as a replacement for the sovereign; the legacy of the Austinian model.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Austin, J. (1832) The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, London: John Murray. → Open Library
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1983) Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Lloyd, D. and Freeman, M. D. A. (1985) Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence, 5th edn, London: Stevens & Sons. → Open Library
  • MacCormick, N. (1981) H. L. A. Hart, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PIV.2. 古典实证主义 —— 边沁与奥斯丁；命令理论；主权；法律与道德的分离。

PIV.2. Classical Positivism — Bentham and Austin; the command theory; sovereignty; the separation of law and morals.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Bentham, J. (1789) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (London: Athlone Press, 1970), chs 1 and 17. → Open Library
  • Bentham, J. (1970) Of Laws in General, ed. H. L. A. Hart, London: Athlone Press. → Open Library
  • Austin, J. (1832) The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, ed. W. E. Rumble (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Lectures I, V–VI. → archive.org
  • Moles, R. N. (1987) Definition and Rule in Legal Theory: A Reassessment of H. L. A. Hart and the Positivist Tradition, Oxford: Blackwell. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PIV.3. 凯尔森与纯粹法学 —— 规范与效力；基础规范（Grundnorm）；法律秩序的统合性。

PIV.3. Kelsen and the Pure Theory of Law — Norms and validity; the Grundnorm; the unity of the legal order.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Kelsen, H. (1941) 'The Pure Theory of Law and Analytical Jurisprudence', Harvard Law Review, vol. 55, pp. 44–70. → doi.org
  • Kelsen, H. (1945) General Theory of Law and State, trans. A. Wedberg, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Kelsen, H. (1967) Pure Theory of Law, trans. M. Knight, 2nd edn, Berkeley: University of California Press. → Open Library
  • Raz, J. (1974) 'Kelsen's Theory of the Basic Norm', American Journal of Jurisprudence, vol. 19, pp. 94–111. → doi.org
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1963) 'Kelsen Visited', UCLA Law Review, vol. 10, pp. 709–728. → HeinOnline
  • Paulson, S. L. (1992) 'The Neo-Kantian Dimension of Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 12, pp. 311–332. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PIV.4. 主权、例外状态与阿伦特 —— 从博丹到施米特的主权概念；阿甘本论例外状态与赤裸生命；阿伦特论权力、权威与极权主义。

PIV.4. Sovereignty, the State of Exception and Arendt — The concept of sovereignty from Bodin to Schmitt; Agamben on the state of exception and bare life; Arendt on power, authority, and totalitarianism.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Bodin, J. (1955) Six Books of the Commonwealth, abridged and trans. M. J. Tooley, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. → Open Library
  • Schmitt, C. (1985) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, trans. G. Schwab, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. → Open Library
  • Agamben, G. (1998) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. D. Heller-Roazen, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. → Open Library
  • Agamben, G. (2005) State of Exception, trans. K. Attell, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. → Open Library
  • Arendt, H. (1951) The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York: Harcourt, Brace. → Open Library
  • Arendt, H. (1963) On Revolution, New York: Viking Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PIV.5. 哈特与《法律的概念》 —— 初级规则与次级规则；承认规则；内在观点；法律的开放结构。

PIV.5. Hart and The Concept of Law — Primary and secondary rules; the rule of recognition; the internal point of view; the open texture of law.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Hart, H. L. A. (2012) The Concept of Law, 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Lacey, N. (2004) A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Shapiro, S. J. (2011) Legality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PIV.6. 哈特之后的实证主义 —— 拉兹论权威与排他性理由；包容性实证主义与排他性实证主义；渊源命题。

PIV.6. Post-Hart Positivism — Raz on authority and exclusionary reasons; inclusive versus exclusive positivism; the sources thesis.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Raz, J. (2009) The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Raz, J. (1985) 'Authority, Law and Morality', The Monist, vol. 68, pp. 295–324. → doi.org
  • Raz, J. (1994) Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Coleman, J. L. (2001) The Practice of Principle: In Defence of a Pragmatist Approach to Legal Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Waluchow, W. J. (1994) Inclusive Legal Positivism, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Shapiro, S. J. (2002) 'Law, Plans, and Practical Reason', Legal Theory, vol. 8, pp. 387–441. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PIV.7. 凯尔森对哈特：基础规范与承认规则 —— 凯尔森的基础规范对哈特的承认规则；纯粹法学对分析性实证主义；围绕法律效力判准的争论。

PIV.7. Kelsen versus Hart: Grundnorm and Rule of Recognition — Kelsen's Grundnorm against Hart's rule of recognition; the pure theory of law versus analytical positivism; the contest over the criterion of legal validity.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Kelsen, H. (1967) Pure Theory of Law, trans. M. Knight, Berkeley: University of California Press. → Open Library
  • Kelsen, H. (1934) 'The Pure Theory of Law', Law Quarterly Review, vol. 50, pp. 474-498. → HeinOnline

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

第五单元 · 解释主义与裁判（Part V — Interpretivism and Adjudication）

PV.1. 解释法律：德沃金与费什对伽达默尔与利科 —— 德沃金与费什把法律理解为解释的主张，对伽达默尔与利科的哲学诠释学；客观正确的答案对法律解释中的视域融合与文本—行动辩证法。

PV.1. Interpreting Law: Dworkin and Fish against Gadamer and Ricoeur — Dworkin's and Fish's account of law as interpretation versus Gadamer's and Ricoeur's philosophical hermeneutics; objectively correct answers against the fusion of horizons and the text-action dialectic in legal interpretation.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Dworkin, R. (1986) Law's Empire, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Dworkin, R. (1982) 'Law as Interpretation', Texas Law Review, vol. 60, pp. 527-550. → HeinOnline
  • Fish, S. (1989) Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Theory in Literary and Legal Studies, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library
  • Gadamer, H.-G. (1975) Truth and Method, ed. G. Barden and J. Cumming, London: Sheed & Ward. → Open Library
  • Dworkin, R. (1985) A Matter of Principle, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PV.2. 德沃金的解释主义 —— 规则、原则与政策；作为整全性的法律；权利命题；唯一正确答案命题。

PV.2. Dworkin's Interpretivism — Rules, principles, and policies; law as integrity; the rights thesis; the one-right-answer thesis.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Dworkin, R. (1967) 'The Model of Rules', University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 35, pp. 14–46. → doi.org
  • Dworkin, R. (1975) 'Hard Cases', Harvard Law Review, vol. 88, pp. 1057–1109. → doi.org
  • Dworkin, R. (1977) Taking Rights Seriously, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Dworkin, R. (1986) Law's Empire, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Raz, J. (1972) 'Legal Principles and the Limits of Law', Yale Law Journal, vol. 81, pp. 823–854. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PV.3. 哲学诠释学与法律解释 —— 伽达默尔论理解、前见与视域融合；利科论文本与行动；诠释学与法律解释。

PV.3. Philosophical Hermeneutics and Legal Interpretation — Gadamer on understanding, prejudice, and the fusion of horizons; Ricoeur on text and action; hermeneutics and the interpretation of law.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Gadamer, H.-G. (2004) Truth and Method, 2nd rev. edn, trans. J. Weinsheimer and D. G. Marshall, London: Continuum. → Open Library
  • Gadamer, H.-G. (1976) Philosophical Hermeneutics, trans. and ed. D. E. Linge, Berkeley: University of California Press. → Open Library
  • Ricoeur, P. (1976) Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning, Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press. → Open Library
  • Ricoeur, P. (1981) Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences, ed. and trans. J. B. Thompson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Dworkin, R. (1982) 'Law as Interpretation', Critical Inquiry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 179–200. → doi.org
  • Fish, S. (1982) 'Working on the Chain Gang: Interpretation in the Law and in Literary Criticism', Critical Inquiry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 201–216. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

第六单元 · 现实主义与社会学进路（Part VI — Realism and Sociological Approaches）

PVI.1.a. 法律形式主义对法律现实主义 —— 二十世纪美国法学的主轴论战：形式主义主张法律为自足的逻辑体系，裁判可由规则与先例演绎而出（兰代尔的法律科学与判例教学法）；现实主义反击规则并不能决定案件——“书本上的法律”对“行动中的法律”，法官实则在造法（霍姆斯、庞德、卢埃林、弗兰克）；论战的后续重估：格雷重构兰代尔正统，肖尔为形式主义辩护。

PVI.1.a. Legal Formalism vs. Legal Realism — The defining debate of twentieth-century American jurisprudence: formalism's claim that law is an autonomous logical system in which adjudication proceeds deductively from rules and precedent (Langdell's legal science and the case method); the realist counter-attack that rules do not decide cases — law in books versus law in action, with judges as lawmakers in fact (Holmes, Pound, Llewellyn, Frank); later reassessments of the debate: Grey's reconstruction of the Langdellian orthodoxy and Schauer's defence of formalism.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Langdell, C. C. (1879) A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts, 2nd edn, Boston: Little, Brown. → Internet Archive
  • Holmes, O. W. (1897) 'The Path of the Law', Harvard Law Review, vol. 10, pp. 457-478. → HeinOnline
  • Pound, R. (1908) 'Mechanical Jurisprudence', Columbia Law Review, vol. 8, pp. 605-623. → doi.org
  • Llewellyn, K. N. (1930) The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study, New York: Oceana. → Open Library
  • Grey, T. C. (1983) 'Langdell's Orthodoxy', University of Pittsburgh Law Review, vol. 45, pp. 1-53. → HeinOnline
  • Schauer, F. (1988) 'Formalism', Yale Law Journal, vol. 97, pp. 509-548. → Yale Law School open repository

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PVI.2. 法律现实主义 —— 美国法律现实主义（霍姆斯、卢埃林、弗兰克）；斯堪的纳维亚现实主义（哈格斯特伦、奥利维克罗纳、罗斯）；行动中的法律与书本上的法律。

PVI.2. Legal Realism — American Legal Realism (Holmes, Llewellyn, Frank); the Scandinavian realists (Hägerström, Olivecrona, Ross); law in action versus law in books.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Holmes, O. W. (1897) 'The Path of the Law', Harvard Law Review, vol. 10, pp. 457–478. → doi.org
  • Llewellyn, K. N. (1930) 'A Realistic Jurisprudence — The Next Step', Columbia Law Review, vol. 30, pp. 431–465. → doi.org
  • Llewellyn, K. N. (1931) 'Some Realism about Realism — Responding to Dean Pound', Harvard Law Review, vol. 44, pp. 1222–1264. → doi.org
  • Frank, J. (1949) Law and the Modern Mind, 2nd edn, New York: Coward-McCann. → Open Library
  • Hägerström, A. (1953) Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals, ed. K. Olivecrona, trans. C. D. Broad, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. → Open Library
  • Ross, A. (1959) On Law and Justice, London: Stevens & Sons. → Open Library
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1959) 'Scandinavian Realism', Cambridge Law Journal, vol. 17, pp. 233–240. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

课前概览（Pre-class overview）：

PVI.3. 社会学法理学 —— 韦伯论法律理性；涂尔干论法律与社会连带；埃利希与庞德论法律与社会工程。

PVI.3. Sociological Jurisprudence — Weber on legal rationality; Durkheim on law and social solidarity; Ehrlich and Pound on law and social engineering.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Weber, M. (1978) Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, ed. G. Roth and C. Wittich, Berkeley: University of California Press, ch. VIII. → Open Library
  • Weber, M. (1954) Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society, ed. M. Rheinstein, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Durkheim, É. (1984) The Division of Labour in Society, trans. W. D. Halls, London: Macmillan, Book I. → Open Library
  • Ehrlich, E. (1936) Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law, trans. W. L. Moll, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Pound, R. (1911–12) 'The Scope and Purpose of Sociological Jurisprudence', Harvard Law Review, vol. 24, pp. 591–619; vol. 25, pp. 140–168 and 489–516. → doi.org
  • Cotterrell, R. (1992) The Sociology of Law: An Introduction, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVI.4. 卢埃林与庞德：形式主义对现实主义 —— 卢埃林的现实主义对庞德的社会学法条主义；“书本上的法律与行动中的法律”；规则怀疑论与对法院实际作为的关注。

PVI.4. Llewellyn and Pound: Formalism versus Realism — Llewellyn's realism against Pound's socio-legal formalism; 'law in books and law in action'; rule-scepticism and the focus on what courts actually do.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Llewellyn, K. N. (1931) 'Some Realism about Realism: Responding to Dean Pound', Harvard Law Review, vol. 44, pp. 1222-1264. → doi.org
  • Pound, R. (1910) 'Law in Books and Law in Action', Harvard Law Review, vol. 23, pp. 211-224. → HeinOnline
  • Cardozo, B. N. (1921) The Nature of the Judicial Process, New Haven: Yale University Press. → Internet Archive
  • Pound, R. (1931) 'The Call for a Realist Jurisprudence', Harvard Law Review, vol. 44, pp. 697-711. → doi.org
  • Cohen, F. S. (1935) 'Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach', Columbia Law Review, vol. 35, pp. 809-849. → doi.org
  • Pound, R. (1923) Interpretations of Legal History, New York: Macmillan. → Open Library
  • Llewellyn, K. N. (1960) The Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals, Boston: Little, Brown. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

第七单元 · 正义、权利与价值（Part VII — Justice, Rights, and Values）

PVII.1. 罗尔斯对诺齐克：分配正义 —— 罗尔斯的作为公平的正义与差别原则对诺齐克的应得理论、自然权利与最弱国家；再分配正义的限度。

PVII.1. Rawls versus Nozick: Distributive Justice — Rawls's justice as fairness and the difference principle against Nozick's entitlement theory, natural rights and the minimal state; the limits of redistributive justice.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Rawls, J. (1993) Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press. → Open Library
  • Sandel, M. J. (1982) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Kymlicka, W. (1990) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVII.2. 正义理论 —— 功利主义；罗尔斯的作为公平的正义；诺齐克的应得理论；森的能力进路。

PVII.2. Theories of Justice — Utilitarianism; Rawls's justice as fairness; Nozick's entitlement theory; Sen's capability approach.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Rawls, J. (1958) 'Justice as Fairness', Philosophical Review, vol. 67, pp. 164–194. → doi.org
  • Sen, A. (1980) 'Equality of What?', in S. M. McMurrin (ed.), Tanner Lectures on Human Values, vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–220. → Tanner Lectures
  • Mill, J. S. (1861) Utilitarianism, London: Parker, Son, and Bourn. → Project Gutenberg
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1973) 'Rawls on Liberty and Its Priority', University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 40, pp. 534–555. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVII.3. 自由、无政府主义与最弱国家 —— 亚当·斯密与古典自由主义秩序；哲学无政府主义（沃尔夫）；自由至上主义与最弱国家；政治义务的根据与限度。

PVII.3. Freedom, Anarchism and the Minimal State — Adam Smith and the classical liberal order; philosophical anarchism (Wolff); libertarianism and the minimal state; the justification and limits of political obligation.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Smith, A. (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. → Project Gutenberg
  • Smith, A. (1759) The Theory of Moral Sentiments. → Project Gutenberg
  • Wolff, R. P. (1970) In Defense of Anarchism, New York: Harper & Row. → Open Library
  • Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State, and Utopia, New York: Basic Books. → Open Library
  • Simmons, A. J. (1999) 'Justification and Legitimacy', Ethics, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 739–771. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVII.4. 平等主义正义：科恩对罗尔斯的批判 —— G. A. 科恩对罗尔斯式正义的批判；平等主义正义的“通货”；运气平等主义；社会主义与正义的精神气质。

PVII.4. Egalitarian Justice: Cohen and the Critique of Rawls — G. A. Cohen's critique of Rawlsian justice; the currency of egalitarian justice; luck egalitarianism; socialism and the ethos of justice.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Cohen, G. A. (2008) Rescuing Justice and Equality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Cohen, G. A. (1995) Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Cohen, G. A. (2000) If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're So Rich?, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. → Open Library
  • Anderson, E. S. (1999) 'What Is the Point of Equality?', Ethics, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 287–337. → doi.org
  • Arneson, R. J. (1989) 'Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare', Philosophical Studies, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 77–93. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVII.5. 权利理论 —— 权利的概念与分类；霍菲尔德的法律关系；自然权利与基本权利；权利的代际。

PVII.5. Rights Theory — The concept and classification of rights; Hohfeld's jural relations; natural rights and fundamental rights; generations of rights.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Hohfeld, W. N. (1913) 'Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning', Yale Law Journal, vol. 23, pp. 16–59. → doi.org
  • Hohfeld, W. N. (1917) 'Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning', Yale Law Journal, vol. 26, pp. 710–770. → doi.org
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1955) 'Are There Any Natural Rights?', Philosophical Review, vol. 64, pp. 175–191. → doi.org
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1973) 'Bentham on Legal Rights', in A. W. B. Simpson (ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2nd series, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 171–201. → Open Library
  • Raz, J. (1984) 'Legal Rights', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 4, pp. 1–21. → doi.org
  • Feinberg, J. (1970) 'The Nature and Value of Rights', Journal of Value Inquiry, vol. 4, pp. 243–257. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVII.6. 法律与道德主义 —— 法律道德主义与伤害原则；道德的强制执行；哈特与德弗林之争。

PVII.6. Law and Moralism — Legal moralism and the harm principle; the enforcement of morals; the Hart–Devlin debate.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Mill, J. S. (1859) On Liberty, London: John W. Parker and Son. → Project Gutenberg
  • Devlin, P. (1959) 'The Enforcement of Morals', Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 45, pp. 129–151. → PDF
  • Feinberg, J. (1984) The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, vol. 1: Harm to Others, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Raz, J. (1986) The Morality of Freedom, Oxford: Clarendon Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVII.7. 正义的通货：科恩对罗尔斯的批判 —— G. A. 科恩对差别原则的批判；正义的通货问题；运气平等主义；正义的个人维度与制度维度，以及社会主义的平等主义精神气质。

PVII.7. The Currency of Justice: Cohen's Critique of Rawls — G. A. Cohen's critique of the difference principle; the question of the currency of justice; luck egalitarianism; the personal and institutional dimensions of justice and the socialist egalitarian ethos.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Cohen, G. A. (1989) 'On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice', Ethics, vol. 99, pp. 906-944. → doi.org
  • Roemer, J. E. (1996) Theories of Distributive Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Frankfurt, H. (1987) 'Equality as a Moral Ideal', Ethics, vol. 98, pp. 21-43. → doi.org
  • Dworkin, R. (2000) Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Sen, A. (1980) 'Equality of What?', in S. McMurrin (ed.) The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, vol. I, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 195-220. → Tanner Lectures

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVII.8. 哈特与德弗林之争 —— 关于以法律强制执行道德的争论：哈特的伤害原则与自由主义对德弗林为强制执行共同公共道德所作的辩护，其导火索为《沃尔芬登报告》。

PVII.8. The Hart-Devlin Debate — The debate over the legal enforcement of morality: Hart's harm principle and liberalism against Devlin's defence of enforcing a shared public morality, prompted by the Wolfenden Report.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Devlin, P. (1965) The Enforcement of Morals, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Hart, H. L. A. (1963) Law, Liberty, and Morality, Stanford: Stanford University Press. → Open Library
  • Devlin, P. (1959) 'The Enforcement of Morals', Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 45, pp. 129-151. → open access
  • United Kingdom, Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (1957) Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (Wolfenden Report, Cmnd 247). → archive.org
  • Dworkin, R. (1966) 'Lord Devlin and the Enforcement of Morals', Yale Law Journal, vol. 75, pp. 986-1006. → doi.org
  • Stephen, J. F. (1873) Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, London: Smith, Elder. → Internet Archive

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

第八单元 · 批判性与跨学科进路（Part VIII — Critical and Interdisciplinary Approaches）

PVIII.1. 黑格尔对马克思：法律的社会理论 —— 黑格尔的法哲学、伦理生活与辩证法对马克思的历史唯物主义与法律的阶级性格；从理性国家到对法律与国家的批判。

PVIII.1. Hegel versus Marx: The Social Theory of Law — Hegel's philosophy of right, ethical life and the dialectical method against Marx's historical materialism and the class character of law; from the rational state to the critique of law and the state.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848) The Communist Manifesto, London. → Project Gutenberg
  • Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1970) The German Ideology, ed. C. J. Arthur, London: Lawrence and Wishart. → Open Library
  • Marx, K. (1859) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, London. → Open Library
  • Engels, F. (1884) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Stuttgart. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVIII.2. 黑格尔与辩证社会理论 —— 黑格尔的《法哲学原理》；伦理生活（Sittlichkeit）；辩证法；从黑格尔到马克思。

PVIII.2. Hegel and Dialectical Social Theory — Hegel's Philosophy of Right; ethical life (Sittlichkeit); the dialectical method; from Hegel to Marx.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1991) Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. A. W. Wood, trans. H. B. Nisbet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1896) Hegel's Philosophy of Right, trans. S. W. Dyde, London: George Bell and Sons. → archive.org
  • Wood, A. W. (1990) Hegel's Ethical Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Avineri, S. (1972) Hegel's Theory of the Modern State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Lukács, G. (1975) The Young Hegel: Studies in the Relations between Dialectics and Economics, trans. R. Livingstone, London: Merlin Press. → Open Library
  • Marx, K. (1970) Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of Right', ed. J. O'Malley, trans. A. Jolin and J. O'Malley, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Smith, S. B. (1989) 'What is "Right" in Hegel's Philosophy of Right?', American Political Science Review, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 3–18. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVIII.3. 批判法学进路 —— 马克思主义法律理论；批判法学运动；女性主义法理学；批判种族理论。

PVIII.3. Critical Approaches to Law — Marxist legal theory; the Critical Legal Studies movement; feminist jurisprudence; critical race theory.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Pashukanis, E. B. (1978) Law and Marxism: A General Theory, trans. B. Einhorn, London: Ink Links. → Open Library
  • Kennedy, D. (1976) 'Form and Substance in Private Law Adjudication', Harvard Law Review, vol. 89, pp. 1685–1778. → doi.org
  • Unger, R. M. (1986) The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Kelman, M. (1987) A Guide to Critical Legal Studies, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • MacKinnon, C. A. (1989) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Crenshaw, K. (1991) 'Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color', Stanford Law Review, vol. 43, pp. 1241–1299. → doi.org
  • Williams, P. J. (1991) The Alchemy of Race and Rights, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVIII.4. 后现代与解构主义法律理论 —— 德里达论解构与法律的暴力；福柯论权力与规训；利奥塔与后现代状况；对法律教义的后现代批判。

PVIII.4. Postmodern and Deconstructionist Legal Theory — Derrida on deconstruction and the force of law; Foucault on power and discipline; Lyotard and the postmodern condition; postmodern critiques of legal doctrine.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Derrida, J. (1992) 'Force of Law: The "Mystical Foundation of Authority"', trans. M. Quaintance, in D. Cornell, M. Rosenfeld and D. G. Carlson (eds), Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, New York: Routledge, pp. 13–77. → doi.org
  • Balkin, J. M. (1987) 'Deconstructive Practice and Legal Theory', The Yale Law Journal, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 743–786. → doi.org
  • Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. A. Sheridan, New York: Pantheon Books. → Open Library
  • Lyotard, J.-F. (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. → Open Library
  • Derrida, J. (1994) Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International, trans. P. Kamuf, New York: Routledge. → Open Library
  • Douzinas, C. and Warrington, R. (1991) Postmodern Jurisprudence: The Law of Text in the Texts of Law, London: Routledge. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVIII.5. 法律与经济学 —— 效率与财富最大化；科斯、波斯纳与法律的经济分析。

PVIII.5. Law and Economics — Efficiency and wealth maximisation; Coase, Posner, and the economic analysis of law.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Coase, R. H. (1960) 'The Problem of Social Cost', Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 3, pp. 1–44. → doi.org
  • Calabresi, G. (1970) The Costs of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis, New Haven: Yale University Press. → Open Library
  • Posner, R. A. (2014) Economic Analysis of Law, 9th edn, New York: Wolters Kluwer. → Open Library
  • Becker, G. S. (1968) 'Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 76, pp. 169–217. → doi.org
  • Coleman, J. L. (1988) Markets, Morals and the Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PVIII.6. 波斯纳对德沃金：效率与权利 —— 波斯纳的财富最大化与法律的经济分析对德沃金以权利为基础的理论；作为法律与经济学枢纽的科斯定理，以及价值问题。

PVIII.6. Posner versus Dworkin: Efficiency and Rights — Posner's wealth maximisation and the economic analysis of law against Dworkin's rights-based theory; the Coase theorem as the pivot of law and economics and the value question.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Posner, R. A. (1981) The Economics of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. → Open Library
  • Dworkin, R. (1980) 'Is Wealth a Value?', Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 9, pp. 191-226. → doi.org
  • Calabresi, G. and Melamed, A. D. (1972) 'Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral', Harvard Law Review, vol. 85, pp. 1089-1128. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

第九单元 · 法制的理念（Part IX — The Ideal of Legality）

PIX.1. 法治 —— 形式性构想与实质性构想；戴雪、富勒与宾汉；当代宪制秩序中的法治。

PIX.1. The Rule of Law — Formal and substantive conceptions; Dicey, Fuller, and Bingham; the rule of law in contemporary constitutional orders.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Dicey, A. V. (1915) Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 8th edn, London: Macmillan, Part II. → archive.org
  • Raz, J. (1977) 'The Rule of Law and its Virtue', Law Quarterly Review, vol. 93, pp. 195–211. → HeinOnline
  • Hayek, F. A. (1960) The Constitution of Liberty, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, chs 10 and 14. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PIX.2. 法治的形式性构想与实质性构想 —— 形式性法治（戴雪、拉兹）对实质性法治（富勒、德沃金、宾汉）；宪制秩序中合法性理想的内容与限度。

PIX.2. Formal and Substantive Conceptions of the Rule of Law — The formal rule of law (Dicey, Raz) against the substantive rule of law (Fuller, Dworkin, Bingham); the content and limits of the ideal of legality in constitutional orders.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Dicey, A. V. (1885) An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, London: Macmillan. → Open Library
  • Tamanaha, B. Z. (2004) On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Bingham, T. (2010) The Rule of Law, London: Allen Lane. → Open Library
  • Waldron, J. (2008) 'The Concept and the Rule of Law', Georgia Law Review, vol. 43, pp. 1-61. → Georgia Law Review repository

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PIX.3. 结语：当代论争 —— 法律多元主义；全球法与跨国法；法理学中的方法论多元主义。

PIX.3. Conclusion: Contemporary Debates — Legal pluralism; global and transnational law; methodological pluralism in jurisprudence.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Griffiths, J. (1986) 'What is Legal Pluralism?', Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, vol. 18, no. 24, pp. 1–55. → doi.org
  • Teubner, G. (1992) 'The Two Faces of Janus: Rethinking Legal Pluralism', Cardozo Law Review, vol. 13, pp. 1443–1462. → Cardozo Law Review repository
  • Santos, B. de S. (1987) 'Law: A Map of Misreading. Toward a Postmodern Conception of Law', Journal of Law and Society, vol. 14, pp. 279–302. → doi.org
  • Tamanaha, B. Z. (2001) A General Jurisprudence of Law and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press. → Open Library
  • Twining, W. (2009) General Jurisprudence: Understanding Law from a Global Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

PIX.4. 法律多元主义与全球法 —— 法律多元主义与非国家规范秩序对国家中心主义一元论；跨国法与全球法；当代法理学中的方法论多元主义。

PIX.4. Legal Pluralism and Global Law — Legal pluralism and non-state normative orders against state-centred monism; transnational and global law; methodological pluralism in contemporary jurisprudence.

经典文献（Classic references）：

  • Berman, P. S. (2012) Global Legal Pluralism: A Jurisprudence of Law Beyond Borders, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. → Open Library
  • Santos, B. de S. (2002) Toward a New Legal Common Sense, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths. → Open Library
  • Merry, S. E. (1988) 'Legal Pluralism', Law & Society Review, vol. 22, pp. 869-896. → doi.org
  • Tamanaha, B. Z. (1993) 'The Folly of the Social Scientific Concept of Legal Pluralism', Journal of Law and Society, vol. 20, pp. 192-217. → doi.org
  • Moore, S. F. (1973) 'Law and Social Change: The Semi-Autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study', Law & Society Review, vol. 7, pp. 719-746. → doi.org

延伸阅读（Further reading）：

7. 课程政策（Policies）

  • 学术诚信。 所有提交的作业必须为学生本人独立完成（当然可以使用工具）。抄袭与未经许可的合作属严重学术违规，将依本校规定处理。

    Academic integrity. All submitted work must be the student's own (the use of tools is, of course, permitted). Plagiarism and unauthorised collaboration are serious academic offences and will be dealt with under the institution's regulations.

  • 出勤。 学生应按时出席讲授与研讨。研讨参与计入考核，缺席无法获得该项成绩。

    Attendance. Regular attendance at lectures and seminars is expected. Seminar participation is assessed and cannot be earned by absence.

  • 迟交。 除事先获批延期外，迟交作业依本校处罚规定处理。

    Late submission. Late work is subject to the institutional penalty scheme unless an extension has been granted in advance.

  • 引注。 书面作业须采用统一且获认可的法学引注格式（如 OSCOLA，或任课教师指定之格式）。

    Referencing. Written work must use a consistent, recognised legal citation style (e.g. OSCOLA or the style prescribed by the instructor).

本大纲仅供参考。专题、阅读材料与考核权重可能依据班级构成与任课教师的判断作调整。

This syllabus is indicative. Topics, readings, and assessment weightings may be adjusted in light of the class composition and the instructor's judgement.

「延伸阅读」中所用作者肖像分两类：多数取自 Wikimedia Commons 的自由许可作品（公有领域 / CC BY / CC BY-SA / GFDL / OGL）；少数取自作者所属院校官网的官方照片（权利由原机构保留，仅作教学引用）。逐条的作者、授权与原始文件见 肖像图片来源。未找到可用图片的作者不配图。

Portraits shown beside the Further reading entries are of two kinds: most are free-licence images from Wikimedia Commons (public domain / CC BY / CC BY-SA / GFDL / OGL); a few are official photographs from the author's home institution (all rights reserved, reproduced here for teaching purposes only). Per-image credits and licences are listed at Portrait Credits. Authors without an available image are shown without one.

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