Scientific researches and Nofap. Small form

Legend of abbreviated information about researches:

PI (paper information): research method (BIO – examination of semen samples, blood samples, measurement of subjects' physiological parameters, etc.; PSY – questioning of subjects using various psychomedical questionnaires), number of subjects and their biological sex (♂ – male, ♀ – female), country of the study, year of the study.

JI (journal information): Hirsch Index (according to SJR), Impact Factor (according to WoS), Quartile (range according to SJR and WoS). If the information is not available in SJR or WoS, the information is taken from Exaly.

SI (scientist information): The Hirsch index of the scientist, who is listed first in the list of authors of the study, according to the Semantic Scholar service.

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Nofap (research on the nature of masturbation)

1. Introversion and depression show significant correlations with autoerotic stimulation and arousal, but not with heterosexual activity in men [PI: PSY, 20 ♂, USA, 1974; JI: 127, 4.9, Q1; SI: 5] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1275690/

2. The frequency of masturbation fantasies was highest in the group with erectile dysfunction (compared to the control group without it). The frequency of masturbation was highest in men with inhibited sexual desire [PI: PSY, 72 ♂, USA, 1985; JI: 84, 2.7, Q2; SI: 5] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4009732/

3. Coitus is associated with significantly greater semen volume and higher concentrations and increased total prostaglandin E and polyamines in the ejaculate, compared to ejaculate samples collected during masturbation [PI: BIO, 21 ♂, Norway, 1986; JI: 101, N/D, Q1-Q2; SI: 36] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3553035/

4. Patients with prostate cancer have higher sex drive than controls, as evidenced by higher interest in sexual intercourse, more frequent use of prostitutes, younger age at first intercourse, earlier onset of masturbation, and higher frequency of masturbation [PI: BIO + PSY, N/A, USA, 1988; JI: 103, 5.9, Q1; SI: 45] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3066144/

5. Seminal plasma volume, total sperm count, sperm motility, and percentage of morphologically normal sperm are significantly higher in samples collected during intercourse than during masturbation [PI: BIO, 38 ♂, Japan, 1993; JI: 117, N/D, Q1-Q2; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8288490/

6. Masturbation is positively correlated with long-term recurrent depression in women [PI: PSY, 914 ♀, USA, 2003; JI: 127, 4.9, Q1; SI: 38] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15483368/

7. There is an association (subjective arousal) with greater orgasm consistency (number of acts of vaginal sex when orgasm was achieved, out of total acts of vaginal sex) during intercourse, but not with orgasms during masturbation or noncoital activity with a partner [PI: BIO + PSY, 38 ♀, Netherlands, 2003; JI: 84, 3.1, Q2; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12519661/

8. Individuals who only masturbated or had sexual intercourse without vaginal sex had systolic blood pressure an average of 14 mm Hg higher during the stress response, than those, who had vaginal sex, but not other sexual behaviors [PI: BIO + PSY, 24 ♂ + 22 ♀, Scotland, 2005; JI: 139, 2.6, Q2; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15961213/

9. Sexual intercourse is more physiologically satisfying (higher prolactin levels and higher neurohormonal sexual satisfaction; prolactin rises 400% more on average after sex, than after masturbation) than masturbation [PI: BIO, 19 ♀ + 19 ♂, Germany, 2005; JI: 139, 2.6, Q2; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16095799/

10. Adjusted for age, education level, and age at marriage, the following were significantly associated with different categories of sexual dysfunction: smoking, wife's sexual dysfunction, perceived health status, mental health and quality of life, sharing a bedroom with other family members, masturbation, and perceived importance of sexual life [PI: PSY, 298 ♀, China, 2005; JI: 187, 2.1, Q2-Q3; SI: 44] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16140089/

11. High rates of sexual intercourse were associated with increased satisfaction with sexual life, life in general, and physical and psychological health. In contrast, high levels of masturbation were associated with lower satisfaction with sexual life and life in general [PI: PSY, 1279 ♂ + 1171 ♀, Sweden, 2006; JI: 127, 4.9, Q1; SI: 74] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16502152/

12. Higher average annual income per family member, alcohol use, higher age of menarche (first menstruation), having a history of respiratory infections, masturbation in the past 6 months, average or poor general physical health, and lower quality of life scores were significantly and independently associated with having at least one sexual dysfunction [PI: PSY, 1174 ♀, China, 2006; JI: 88, 2.6, Q2-Q3; SI: 20] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15944726/

13. Frequency of vaginal sex was positively correlated with PRQC parameters: Satisfaction, Intimacy, Trust, Passion, Love, and Global Relationship Quality. Noncoital sexual behavior with a partner was not correlated with PRQC parameters. Frequency of masturbation was inversely related to Love [PI: PSY, 30 ♀, Portugal, 2007; JI: 84, 3.1, Q2; SI: 17] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17541850/

14. Masturbation correlates with [PI: PSY, 1769 ♀ + 1347 ♂, USA, 2007; JI: 84, 3.1, Q2; SI: 13]:

14.1. With sexual contact before 10-14 years of age for girls and before 12-16 years of age for boys;
14.2. Higher education;
14.3. Higher number of stable spouses or cohabitants;
14.4. Higher frequency of sexual thoughts and attitudes;
14.5. Greater number of sexual interests;
14.6. Better health;
14.7. Lower level of happiness;
14.8. Lack of a stable partner for sex during the year.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17541849/

15. Women who had not been in a stable relationship, but had sexual intercourse in the past year, were more likely to masturbate. Men were more likely to report masturbation when they had neither a stable partner nor sexual intercourse during the year. Younger women, living in «liberal communities» and having sexual difficulties, on average were more likely to engage in masturbation. The same is true for men [PI: PSY, 1765 ♂ + 1799 ♀, China, 2007; JI: 127, 4.9, Q1; SI: 13] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17710524/

16. Vaginal orgasm is associated with less somatization, dissociation, displacement, autistic fantasy, devaluation, and isolation of affect. Orgasm from clitoral stimulation or combined clitoral and sexual stimulation is associated with greater use of some immature defense mechanisms [PI: PSY, 94 ♀, Portugal, 2008; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18331263/

17. Among both men and women, reports of masturbation increased with increasing levels of education and social class, and were more common among those who reported problems with sexual function. Among women, masturbation was more likely among those who reported more frequent vaginal intercourse in the past four weeks, a greater repertoire of sexual activity (e.g., oral and anal sex), and more sexual partners in the past year. In contrast, the prevalence of masturbation was lower among men who reported more frequent vaginal sex. Both men and women who reported having same-sex partners were significantly more likely to report masturbation [PI: PSY, 4762 ♂ + 6399 ♀, UK, 2008; JI: 127, 4.9, Q1; SI: 12] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17333329/

18. Masturbation is positively correlated with erectile dysfunction. Masturbation was associated with a lower risk of severe ED and loss of libido (hypolibidemia), and a higher frequency of extramarital affairs. Patients who experienced guilt when masturbating were more likely to have a history of psychiatric illness and were more likely to use psychoactive medications. Masturbation has also been associated with an increased risk of varicocele and an abnormal (enlarged or tender/soft) prostate on digital rectal examination [PI: BIO + PSY, 2786 ♂, Italy, 2009; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 84] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19758284/

19. Frequency of vaginal sex significantly predicted satisfaction scores with a large effect size for sexual satisfaction and a medium effect size for relationship quality. In contrast, frequency of masturbation was inversely related to almost all measures of satisfaction (small and medium effect sizes) [PI: PSY, 2810 ♂ + ♀, Sweden, 2009; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19453891/

Presumably studies №8 and №19 have a link to studies https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8406652/ and https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12764214/ through a connection like «masturbate more often => have higher systolic blood pressure during stress => have a higher chance of hypertension later (after n years)».

20. Patients with schizophrenia masturbate more often than healthy controls [PI: BIO + PSY, N/A, USA, 2009; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 54] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19453927/

21. While frequent sexual activity generally increased the risk of prostate cancer at a young age (20 years), it protected against the disease at an older age (50 years). Frequent masturbation itself was a marker of increased risk in the 20s and 30s, but appeared to be associated with a decreased risk at age 50 [PI: PSY, 840 ♂, UK, 2009; JI: 160, 4.5, Q1; SI: 12] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19016689/

22. Having a history of vaginal orgasm, not masturbating, not experiencing pain and discomfort during first penile-vaginal sex, and not having frequent anal intercourse protect against sexual arousal disorders in women with distress, but not without distress [PI: PSY, 1000 ♀, Czech, 2009; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 14] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19758283/

23. Masturbation is positively correlated with depression in women [PI: PSY, 47 ♀, USA, 2010; JI: 124, 4.5, Q1; SI: 7] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12545415/

24. One sexual activity (vaginal sex and orgasmic response to it) is associated with, and in some cases causes processes, associated with improved psychological and physical well-being. Other sexual behaviors (including disruption of vaginal sex, such as condom use or distraction from vaginal sex (probably interrupted intercourse)) are not related or, in some cases (such as masturbation and anal intercourse) are inversely related to improvements in the psychological and physical functioning of the human body [PI: BIO + PSY, N/A, Scotland, 2010; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20088868/

25. Both immature psychological defense mechanisms and alcohol use before sex were associated with less vaginal orgasm consistency, but were not associated or positively correlated with the frequency of other sexual behaviors (including clitoral masturbation during penile-vaginal intercourse). Immature psychological defense mechanisms explained the association between alcohol consumption before sex and lack of vaginal orgasm, as well as the greater frequency of other sexual behaviors [PI: PSY, 323 ♀, Scotland, 2010; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 17] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19889144/

26. Anxiety attachment was associated with lower frequency of vaginal orgasm, but with higher frequency of orgasms from anal sex and from a vibrator [PI: PSY, 70 ♀, Scotland, 2011; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 17] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21676179/

27. Female orgasm triggered by penile-vaginal intercourse (without additional clitoral masturbation for orgasm) is associated with better relationship quality, ability to have healthy relationships, better psychological functioning, and lower risk of sexual dysfunction, while other orgasm triggers (e.g., masturbation and vibrator) are associated with worse functioning [PI: MA, N/A, N/A, 2011; JI: 293, 12.7, Q1; SI: 39] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22095337/

28. In men, a higher standard deviation of resting HR (a measure of high heart rate variability) was associated with a higher frequency of orgasm during penile-vaginal sex. In women, a higher standard deviation of resting HR was associated with any vaginal orgasm. Masturbation was weakly associated with this index [PI: PSY + BIO, 68 ♀ + 75 ♂, Scotland, 2011; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 17] – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1743609515337097

29. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction was statistically higher among participants with subjectively reported depression and male partner-related deficiencies (reported by the woman) such as erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation, as well as dissatisfaction with partner penis size, inadequate foreplay, and masturbation practices [PI: PSY, 344 ♀, Egypt, 2011; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 21] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22146053/

30. Masturbation to orgasm significantly increased plasma levels of the endocannabinoid 2-AG in both men and women [PI: BIO + PSY, 19 ♀ + 15 ♂, Germany, 2017; JI: 130, 3.5, Q1-Q2; SI: 26] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29110806/

31. Higher frequency of masturbation in women was associated with lower partner satisfaction, greater importance of sex, and higher levels of general anxiety/depression [PI: PSY, 2215 ♀, Hungary + USA, 2020; JI: 84, 3.1, Q2; SI: 42] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32000629/

32. In the group of children with child masturbation, sleeping in the same room with parents, unplanned pregnancy history and lack of daily play with the child were more common than in the control group. Sleep problems (particularly nocturnal awakenings) were associated with an increased incidence of child masturbation. Simple daily play by parents with their children can protect children from child masturbation. Maternal psychiatric symptoms were more common among children with child masturbation than in the control group [PI: PSY, 124 ♀ + ♂, Turkey, 2022; JI: 39, 1.2, Q2-Q4; SI: 5] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251934/

33. Atypical masturbation behavior («rubbing in the supine position», «pressure on the penis», and «masturbation through clothing») is more common in young men with erectile dysfunction. These patients have higher rates of erection hardness with masturbation compared to partnered sex [PI: PSY, 448 ♂, Turkey, 2023; JI: 75, 2.6, Q2-Q3; SI: 5] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37605604/

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Noporn (research on the nature of porn addiction)

1. Neural differences (on the background of healthy volunteers without compulsive sexual behavior) in the processing of sexual signal reactivity were found in subjects with CSB in regions (brain regions) previously involved in drug reactivity studies [PI: BIO + PSY, 38 ♂, UK, 2014; JI: 404, 3.7, Q1-Q2; SI: 73] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25013940/

More research on the YourBrainOnPorn website – https://www.yourbrainonporn.com/relevant-research-and-articles-about-the-studies

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Celibacy (studies on the nature of total sexual abstinence)

1. Men with fewer orgasms during the 2-month study period had higher mean testosterone levels (3.92 and 3.79 ng/ml in the 2 men with the highest orgasm frequency vs. 8.94 and 11.23 ng/ml in the 2 men with the lowest orgasm frequency) than those men who orgasmed more often than others in the subject group [PI: BIO + PSY, 20 ♂, USA, 1976; JI: 127, 4.9, Q1; SI: 114] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1275688/

2. After a period of 3-week abstinence, men had higher testosterone concentrations (4.5-4.75 ng/ml after 3-week abstinence vs. 3.5-4.0 ng/ml at the beginning of the study) [PI: BIO + PSY, 10 ♂, Germany, 2001; JI: 94, 3.4, Q1-Q2; SI: 32] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11760788/

3. On the 7th day of sexual abstinence, testosterone levels reach 145.7% of the testosterone levels on day 1 [PI: BIO, 28 ♂, China, 2003; JI: 43, 2.1, Q2; SI: 4] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12659241/

By the way, it turns out the article above was withdrawn by the Editor-in-Chief of the «Journal of Zhejiang University - SCIENCE A» in 2021, who pointed out that it was almost exactly the same as a study from another chinese scholar that came out a little earlier, which, according to the Abstract, is almost exactly the same as the withdrawn one – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12506329/

P.s. The translation was done with the help of DeepL with minor edits.