FujiNet Programming Guide for the Atari 2600

The FujiNet programming manual for the Atari 2600 (Video Computer System): the cartridge window and the mailbox, the cartridge-composed text display, living in 128 bytes of RAM, the 6502 library and batari Basic on the same mailbox, seven worked programs in both languages, the command reference, and a walkthrough of Battleship. This is the wiki condensation; the full illustrated edition is the PDF in atari-2600/programmers-handbook/ of the manuals repository, styled after the 1977 Video Computer System Owner's Manual.

See also the FujiNet-Network-Protocol-Handbook for everything the N: device can say once you can reach it.

Your FujiNet cartridge

Two computers in the shell. An RP2040 sits on the cartridge edge and does what a cartridge does — answers every fetch within the 838 ns the 6507 allows and serves a 4K window — and, over USB CDC, an ESP32-S3 running the fujiversal-rs232 FujiNet firmware carries the WiFi, the SD card and the protocols. The console never sees the ESP32-S3; it sees sixteen pages of cartridge memory.

The cartridge edge carries A0–A12, D0–D7, +5V and ground. No read/write line, no clock, no reset, and the 6507 has no interrupts. Both facts shape everything that follows.

Nothing here needs real hardware: the FujiNet cartridge model in MAME is the RP2040 firmware's own fujimail.c and vcs_render.c compiled into MAME, and it talks to a real fujinet-pc over bus-over-IP. Every program in the guide was verified that way.

Installing the tools

Macroassembler AS (asl, p2bin) for the assembly programs — the family's assembler. listings/asm/build.sh runs the equate check, the assembler, the image, the claim stamp and the static check.
batari Basic and dasm (2.20.x from github.com/dasm-assembler/dasm) for the BASIC programs. export bB=~/Workspace/batari-Basic; listings/bas/build.sh prog does the rest.
MAME with the FujiNet cartridge: fn-2600/pico/atari-2600/emu/apply.sh ~/Workspace/mame then build; the slot option is -cartslot fujinet. MAME must run from its own tree or -autoboot_script is silently ignored; set SDL_VIDEODRIVER=dummy where there is no display.
fujinet-pc-rs232: ./run-fujinet in its build/dist; bus-over-IP on 127.0.0.1:9995, one client at a time — a stray MAME hangs the next run.
emu/run.sh image.bin [harness] runs a program; probe.lua, txn.lua, text.lua, frames.lua, boottest.lua are the harnesses.

The cartridge window

The 6507 has thirteen address lines; $1000–$1FFF selects the cartridge (and $F000 is the same place). Sixteen pages for everything:

Address	Region
`$1000`–`$17FF`	2K banked client code; a store to `$1D80`+bank switches
`$1800`–`$1AFF`	six 128-byte text planes, composed by the cartridge
`$1B00`–`$1CFF`	the 512-byte reply window (one of two slices)
`$1D00`–`$1DFF`	control page, write-only: `$00`–`$7F` arm a register, `$80`–`$FF` one-shot operations
`$1E00`–`$1EFF`	TX stream, write-only: a store anywhere appends its data byte
`$1F00`–`$1F1F`	status cells
`$1F10`	the claim `FUJI`
`$1F20`–`$1FFB`	the client's fixed tail (220 bytes)
`$1FFC`, `$1FFE`	RESET and BRK vectors

The image is N 2K banks then the 2K fixed half, (N+1)×2048 bytes; N is 1, 3, 7 or 15 (MAME's loader). Only the top 256 bytes of the fixed half are served: the claim, the header, the tail, the vectors. An image without FUJI at $1F10 is a game, and the mailbox goes dead for the session. The build stamps the claim at file offset (size − 2048) + $710.

Reset survival. No reset line reaches the cartridge; the RESET switch is a RIOT bit the program reads. A restart begins with the last bank still mapped, so the RESET vector points into the fixed tail at a cold stub that reselects bank 0 — and the next sequence number comes from the cartridge, never from RAM.

The static check (tools/checkrom.py): size, claim, vector, no INC/DEC/ASL/LSR/ROL/ROR abs/abs,X on $1D00–$1EFF, no indirect JMP on a page boundary, no STA (zp),Y/STA (zp,X) anywhere. Because the 6507 has no interrupts, it is a proof, not a heuristic.

How the mailbox works

Write sampling. The cartridge declares two pages write-only, never drives them, and recovers a stored byte by watching the address settle and keeping the second-to-last data sample — the PlusROM / Superchip idiom. STA $1E00 appends a byte.

A read of a write port is a write. The cartridge cannot tell them apart, so a register is never written in one store:

        lda     #value
        sta     FNRSEL+n        ; arm register n; the data is ignored
        sta     FNCMT           ; commit: register n = value, disarm

An arm carries no value; a commit with nothing armed is discarded; one stray access changes nothing.

Registers (arm at $1D00+n, commit at $1DFF): $00 DEVICE, $01 CMD, $02 NPARAM, $05 DATA_RST (rewind TX), $06 RXSLICE, $10 SEQ (launch), $11 BOOTLOCK ($B5), $12/$13 BOOTSEL ($B5 then $4A: reboot the RP2040 to its bootloader).

The TX stream: NPARAM × { size byte 1|2|4, value little-endian } then the raw payload, up to 320 bytes. SET_DIRECTORY_POSITION takes ONE parameter of TWO bytes.

Launch: commit SEQ = ACKSEQ + 1 (wrapping 255→1; 0 is reserved). The cartridge frames the request as FujiBus over USB, waits up to 5 s (60 s for MOUNT_IMAGE / COPY_FILE), then paints the reply, REPLY_CMD, ERR, RXLEN, STATUS, and ACKSEQ last — the single store that is the whole interlock. Poll $1F00 for the match.

Status cells: $1F00 ACKSEQ · $1F01 STATUS (bit0 link, bit1 busy) · $1F02 ERR (0 ok, 1 no link, 2 timeout, 3 bad frame, 4 too big) · $1F03 REPLY_CMD ($06 ACK / $15 NAK) · $1F04–05 RXLEN · $1F06 BOOT_STATE · $1F07 BOOT_PCT · $1F08 BOOT_ERR · $1F09–0A F,N · $1F0B PROTO_VER 2 · $1F0C SLICE_ECHO · $1F0D TEXTGEN · $1F0E BANK · $1F0F FLAGS (bit1 claim honoured) · $1F17–18 PATHLEN · $1F19 BLITGEN.

The reply window is repainted only by a SEQ commit or a slice select; between those it is stable, and a program streams bytes out of it — into a text row, into the next request, into a path buffer — with no copy through RAM. Battleship's largest reply, 509 bytes, fits slice 0, which is why the window is 512.

The arming gate: nothing on the control page decodes until $B5 is stored to $1DFC and then $4A to $1DFD.

THE ONE RULE: never a read-modify-write (INC DEC ASL LSR ROL ROR) on the control or TX pages — three bus cycles at one address, and the cartridge cannot sample that. Only STA STX STY. In batari Basic, FNTX = FNTX + 1 is exactly that.

The recipe (GET_ADAPTERCONFIG_EXTENDED, $70/$C4, no parameters):

        jsr     FNARM           ; once
        lda     #FNDEVF
        sta     FNDEV
        lda     #FNCADPX
        sta     FNCMD
        lda     #0
        sta     FNNPR
        jsr     FNBEG           ; DEVICE, CMD, NPARAM, DATA_RST
        jsr     FNGO            ; SEQ = ACKSEQ+1, wait; A = 0 if answered
        bne     FAILED
        jsr     FNACK           ; 0 = ACK
        bne     FAILED
        lda     FNRPLY+0        ; the SSID

 FNH_ARM1 = FNAM1 : FNH_ARM2 = FNAM2
 FNA_DEV = 0 : FNCMT = FNDEVF
 FNA_CMD = 0 : FNCMT = FNCADPX
 FNA_NPAR = 0 : FNCMT = 0
 FNA_DRST = 0 : FNCMT = 0
 fnseq = FNACKS + 1 : if fnseq = 0 then fnseq = 1
 FNA_SEQ = 0 : FNCMT = fnseq
wait
 drawscreen
 if FNACKS <> fnseq then goto wait
 if FNERR <> 0 then goto fail
 if FNRCMD <> 6 then goto fail
 ch = FNRPLY[0]

The text display

No framebuffer and no character generator: the cartridge composes the text. 12 columns × 21 rows, a 3×5 glyph in a 4×6 cell, published as six 128-byte planes at $1800, $1880, $1900, $1980, $1A00, $1A80 — one per GRP write of a 48-pixel six-copy player kernel, indexed by the absolute scanline Y = row×6 + line. The 128-byte alignment is load-bearing: LDA plane,Y is always four cycles. Bit 7 is the leftmost pixel; the left column of a pair is bits 7–5, the right bits 3–1.

Composing a row: store the row to $1DF0, each character to $1DF1 (saturates at 12), then 0 to $1DF2 to render. Wait for TEXTGEN ($1F0D) to change before the next row — the render is on the cartridge's other core.

The kernel (fujidisp.inc): DINIT positions the players (16 NOPs + a 3-cycle store so RESP0 lands at cycle 38, RESP1 three later, HMP0 $F0, an early HMOVE; NUSIZ $03, VDELP on) and DLOOP draws 262-line frames, calling the client's APPVBL in the vertical blank. The 53-cycle body parks a byte in the stack pointer (TSX/TXS), writes GRP0 seven times (the seventh with the don't-care Y), and blanks with three writes, not two. Its four constants are a one-pixel-wide window and must not be retimed. Pixel 7 (bit 0 of plane 0) cannot be drawn by any client.

The font folds lowercase to uppercase; 0/O, 5/S, C/[ were redrawn to differ. Harnesses compare rendered forms, not decoded text.

Living in 128 bytes

RAM is $80–$FF, and the stack ($0100–$01FF) mirrors into it. Nothing is copied: FNRRPL renders reply bytes into a row, FNPRPL appends them to the next request, FNWRPL appends them to a cartridge path buffer. Four 256-byte path buffers live in the cartridge ($1DF3 append a char, $1DF4 an operation: 0 reset, 1 pop a component, 2 emit padded to 256, 3 emit raw, 4 pop a char, 5–8 select 0–3, 9 commit, 10 seed); they survive a console reset. Blits (six stores) do the loops the console cannot afford.

Zero page, three ways: the library keeps $80–$8B (FNSEQ, PAD3, SAVSP, FNCNT, FNDEV/CMD/NPR, FNTMO, FNPTRL/H), FNPCNT $8E, INCUR/INPREV $A8–$A9; the swap stub lands at $80–$9D. Battleship owns $80–$BF with the stack above $C0. batari Basic's kernel owns $80–$A3, the playfield/var0–47 $A4–$D3, a–z $D4–$ED, aux1–6 $F0–$F5, the stack $F6–$FF (five gosubs).

The 6502 library

listings/common/: vcs.inc, fujinet.inc (equates — include before the ORG), fujilib.inc and fujidisp.inc (code — include inside it; the other order assembles the transport at $0000), plus the guide's netdefs.inc (the N: device) and devdefs.inc (other devices, more FUJI commands, appkeys, the clock, the extended path ops, the blit port, the playfield masks). checkdefs.py cross-checks the equates against fuji_mailbox.h.

Routine	Does
`FNRW`	register X = A (arm + commit)
`FNARM` / `FNCHK`	open the gate / Z if a cartridge answers
`FNBEG`	DEVICE, CMD, NPARAM from FNDEV/FNCMD/FNNPR; rewind TX
`FNPB` / `FNPW`	a one-byte / two-byte (A lo, X hi) parameter
`FNGO`	SEQ = ACKSEQ+1, spin ~9 s; A = 0 ok, ERR, or `$FF`
`FNACK`	0 ACK / `$EE` NAK
`FNROWA` / `FNENDR` / `FNRRPL` / `FNRSTR` / `FNHEX`	text rows
`FNPATH`, `FNPBEG`/`FNPCH`/`FNPSTR`/`FNPRPL`/`FNPEND`	256-byte payloads
`FNWRST`/`FNWCH`/`FNWPOP`/`FNWTX`/`FNPWD`/`FNWSTR`/`FNWRPL`	the path buffer
`FNEOF`	Z if the reply is `$7F,$7F`
`FNBLK` / `FNSWAP`	arm the swap / copy the stub to `$80` and boot
`INSCAN`	joystick + switches, newly pressed

listings/dasm/ is the same library in dasm syntax, generated by tools/as2dasm.py (labels lose colons, DB→.byte, REPT→REPEAT, LSR A→LSR, (X)&$FF→<X, zero-page equates wrapped in IFNCONST).

batari Basic on the mailbox

set romsize 2k. The image is exactly bank 0 with start at $1000; tools/bbfix.py appends the fixed half (fujitail.asm: the claim, a cold stub, the vectors) and runs the static check, vouching for the two indirect stores in bB's own kernel. bB's own bank statements cannot be used — their trampolines and vectors sit in the mailbox.
The names. bB emits any unknown name verbatim, so include fujinet.h, fujibas.h (FNA_* arm addresses, FNH_* hotspots), netdefs.h, devdefs.h give BASIC the mailbox: FNH_TROW = 3 is STA $1DF0, ch = FNRPLY[i] is LDA $1B00,X.
A value must be a const or bB compiles it as memory (FNCMT = FNDEVF became LDA $0070). tools/mkfujiconst.py generates fujiconst.bas and build.sh prepends it. Never X = X + 1 on a mailbox name (it is an INC). Don't dim onto a–z names you use, or name a dim c/i.
Helpers at the end of every program: fnbeg (dev/cmd/npar), fngo (launch, draw a frame per poll, err), fnend (render, wait for TEXTGEN).
Text: include fujitext.asm, const FT_ROW0, const FT_ROWS — a minikernel that draws the cartridge's rows between the playfield and the score. Measured with frames.lua: stock playfield → 3 rows; const pfrowheight = 6 → 10 rows, or 13 with const noscore = 1; a playfield under 120 lines (pfrowheight 5) wraps the overscan timer and breaks the frame. Compose a row per frame.
Budget: ~800 bytes of BASIC after the kernel; listings/bas/default.inc drops pf_drawing/pf_scrolling for ~335 more; noscore another ~100.

The programs

All in listings/asm/ and listings/bas/, each verified in MAME against a live fujinet-pc:

	Assembly	BASIC	Shows
hello	`hello.asm` (M0, baked planes)	`hello.bas`	three rows of text
first contact	`fujitest.asm`	`arm.bas`, `text.bas`	SSID, IP, version; ACKSEQ 01→02 across RESET
netget	`netget.asm`	`netget.bas`	`N:` OPEN (mode 12) / STATUS until settled / READ ≤ 228 / rows per line / CLOSE
directory	`fujidir.asm`	`dir.bas`	MOUNT_HOST 0, OPEN_DIRECTORY via path buffer 0, READ_DIR_ENTRY(30,0) until `$7F,$7F`
boot	`fujiboot.asm`	`boot.bas`	SET_DEVICE_FULLPATH, MOUNT_IMAGE, BOOT_STATE, BOOTLOCK, the swap stub
appkey	`appkey.asm`	`appkey.bas`	the shared username (1/1/0); write and read back creator `$2600`
clock	`clock.asm`	`clock.bas`	GET_ISO_LOCAL / GET_ISO_UTC on device `$45`

Rules the network program carries: STATUS until two readings agree; the 4th STATUS byte is where an HTTP error shows; cap READ at 512; CLOSE at the start of the next request; unsigned compares through the carry.

Booting: SET_DEVICE_FULLPATH (dev, host, mode + a 256-byte path) → MOUNT_IMAGE (dev, mode); the adapter pushes the image to the cartridge (DBC device $FF, NET_OPEN/WRITE/CLOSE frames; a .cfg sibling names the mapper); BOOT_STATE 1 → 2; commit $B5 to BOOTLOCK; run the stub from $80: silence GRP/AUD/PF, SWACNT/SWBCNT back to inputs, VBLANK, store to $1DFE, TXS, JMP ($1FFC). Mappers served: FLAT, F8, F6, F4, FA, E0, UA, FE, CV. A bank-switch hotspot returns the old bank's byte.

Command reference

Every command below is verified against the firmware's RS232 dispatch tables. Parameters: byte = size 1 + value, word = size 2 + LE value. Replies land at $1B00. A byte command not listed is answered with a NAK.

FUJI device `$70`

Command	Code	nparam	Params / payload → reply
GET_ADAPTERCONFIG_EXTENDED	`$C4`	0	→ 240 bytes: ssid[33], hostname[64], binary IPs, mac, bssid, fn_version[15]@125, sLocalIP[16]@140, …
GET_ADAPTERCONFIG	`$E8`	0	→ the first 140 bytes
SCAN_NETWORKS / GET_SCAN_RESULT	`$FD` / `$FC`	0 / 1	(index) → count / ssid[33]+rssi
SET_SSID	`$FB`	1	byte (ignored, required); payload exactly 97: ssid[33]+password[64]
GET_SSID	`$FE`	0	→ 97 bytes
GET_WIFISTATUS / GET_WIFI_ENABLED	`$FA` / `$EA`	0	→ 1 byte (3 = connected)
RESET	`$FF`	0	reboots the adapter
STATUS / DEVICE_READY	`$53` / `$00`	1 / 0	(request type)
READ_HOST_SLOTS / WRITE_HOST_SLOTS	`$F4` / `$F3`	0	→ 8×hostname[32] / payload the same
MOUNT_HOST	`$F9`	1	host slot
READ_DEVICE_SLOTS / WRITE_DEVICE_SLOTS	`$F2` / `$F1`	0	the device-slot table
SET_DEVICE_FULLPATH	`$E2`	3	dev slot, host slot, mode(1); payload 256 bytes path
MOUNT_IMAGE / UNMOUNT_IMAGE	`$F8` / `$E9`	2 / 1	dev slot, mode / dev slot
MOUNT_ALL / SET_BOOT_MODE / CONFIG_BOOT	`$D7` / `$D6` / `$D9`	0/1/1
NEW_DISK	`$E7`	0	payload: sectors(w), size(w), host, dev, filename[256]
OPEN_DIRECTORY	`$F7`	1	host slot; payload 256 bytes: path, NUL, filter
READ_DIR_ENTRY	`$F6`	2	maxlen (30), flags → entry; `$7F,$7F` = end
SET_DIRECTORY_POSITION / GET	`$E4` / `$E5`	1 / 0	one word
CLOSE_DIRECTORY	`$F5`	0
COPY_FILE	`$D8`	2	src host, dst host (1-based); payload exact `src\|dstdir/`
SET_HOST_PREFIX / GET_HOST_PREFIX	`$E1` / `$E0`	1	host slot (+ prefix payload)
GET_DEVICE_FULLPATH	`$DA`	1	dev slot → path
OPEN_APPKEY	`$DC`	0	payload 6 bytes: creator(w), app, key, mode(0 r/1 w), reserved
READ_APPKEY / WRITE_APPKEY / CLOSE_APPKEY	`$DD` / `$DE` / `$DB`	0/1/0	READ → word length + value; WRITE: byte length + payload
GENERATE_GUID	`$BB`	0	→ 36 chars + NUL
HASH INPUT / COMPUTE / LENGTH / OUTPUT / NO_CLEAR / CLEAR	`$C8 $C7 $C6 $C5 $C3 $C2`	w/1/1/1	count+bytes; algorithm 0 MD5 1 SHA1 3 SHA256 4 SHA512; 1 = hex
BASE64 ENCODE / DECODE (INPUT COMPUTE LENGTH OUTPUT)	`$D0 $CF $CE $CD` / `$CC $CB $CA $C9`		same four steps
QRCODE INPUT / ENCODE / LENGTH / OUTPUT / CLEAR	`$BC $BD $BE $BF $BA`		version, ECC, shorten; mode 0 binary 2 bitmap

NAK on this build: $F0 $EB $E6 (UNMOUNT_HOST) $E3 $DF $D5 $D4 $D3 (RANDOM_NUMBER) $D2 $D1 $C1 $A0–$A9 $90 $3F.

Network devices `$71`–`$78`

Command	Code	nparam	Notes
OPEN	`$4F`	2	mode (4 read/GET, 8 write/PUT, 12 GET with headers, 13 POST), translation (0–3); payload = `N:` devicespec
STATUS	`$53`	2	two zero bytes → avail(w), connected, devstatus (1 ok, 136 EOF)
READ	`$52`	1	word count ≤ 512 → the bytes
WRITE	`$57`	1	word count; payload the bytes
CLOSE	`$43`	0
CHANNEL_MODE	`$FC`	2	byte (ignored), mode 0 protocol / 1 JSON
PARSE / QUERY	`$50` / `$51`	0	QUERY payload = the path; then STATUS + READ
SET_CHANNEL_MODE	`$4D`	2	HTTP: 0 body, 1 collect headers, 2 get headers, 3 set headers, 4 POST data
SEEK / TELL	`$25` / `$26`	1 / 0	4-byte offset / position
TRANSLATION / SET_EOL / SET_INT_RATE	`$54` / `$4C` / `$5A`	2
RENAME DELETE LOCK UNLOCK MKDIR RMDIR CHDIR GETCWD	`$20 $21 $23 $24 $2A $2B $2C $30`	0	payload the path
CONTROL / CLOSE_CLIENT	`$41` / `$63`	0	TCP server accept / hang up
GET_REMOTE / SET_DESTINATION / USERNAME / PASSWORD	`$72` / `$44` / `$FD` / `$FE`	0

NAK: $FF $FB $FA $E3 $81 $80 $45 $3F.

Disk `$31`–`$38`, printer `$40`, clock `$45`, modem `$50`

Disk: READ $52 / WRITE $57 / PUT $50 with one word sector (512 bytes); FORMAT $21/$22, PERCOM $4E/$4F vestigial. $53 is not a status.
Printer: WRITE $57 / PUT $50 (payload < 255 bytes) / STATUS $53 (1 param).
Clock: GETTIME $93 (7 bytes), GET_ISO_LOCAL $49, GET_ISO_UTC $5A (2026-09-15T20:45:31+0000), GET_PRODOS $50, GET_SOS $53, GET_SIMPLE_HUNDREDTHS $4D, GET_GENERAL $47, GETTZ_LEN $4C, GETTZTIME $9A, SETTZ $99 (payload a POSIX TZ), SETTZ_ALT $74/$54.
Modem: STATUS $53, WRITE $57, STREAM $58, CONTROL $41, CONFIGURE $42, SET_DUMP $44, LISTEN $4C, UNLISTEN $4D, BAUDRATELOCK $4E, AUTOANSWER $4F.

The cartridge itself

One-shots (store to $1D00+): $80+b bank · $F0 TROW · $F1 TCHR · $F2 TEND · $F3 PATH_CH · $F4 PATH_OP · $F5–$F9 BLIT SL SH DL DH CNT · $FA BLIT_GO (data = transform) · $FC/$FD ARM $B5/$4A · $FE SWAP · $FF COMMIT.

Blit transforms: 0 RAW, 1 TEXT (row from reply), 2 FIELD (10×10 → ten rows), 3 HULLS, 4 SEA, 5 CELL, 6 PAINT, 7 PATH (path buffer → row), 8 TCELL (one char into one cell, dst = row×12+col), 9 CARD (five cards from hand[11]), 10 PFCLR, 11 PFIELD, 12 PFHULL, 13 PFCELL (the Battleship playfield tables: three kinds HIT/MID/AUX × six registers, at plane bytes 30–89). A blit is single-slot: wait for BLITGEN to change before the next.

Battleship

fujinet-battleship/atari2600: seven 2K banks + tail, 16K. Lobby, game (board kernel, cursor, cues, shots), net (one request with the picture up), menu (RESET), name (keyboard + appkey), place (rolled fleet), comp (the screen in passes). Entry codes in BSENT say what a bank does on entry; the tail's trampoline resets the stack on every switch (two bytes leaked per poll otherwise). Zero page $80–$BF, with $AE–$B0 the game bank's edge memory that must survive placement.

URLs are streamed into TX with nothing assembled in RAM; the table id and player name live in cartridge path buffers and are emitted raw.
The ?bin=1&v=2 state record is parsed in place: 38-byte header, then per-phase bodies; in play a 115-byte record per player (name, status, 100-cell field, five ships-left bytes); 509 bytes at four seats.
Boards: the playfield tables composed by PFIELD/PFHULL/PFCELL/PFCLR; the kernel rewrites PF0–PF2 twice a line on deadlines; the frame is timer-locked and every frame is 262 (make frames, make frames4).
Sound: one channel, a script engine, twelve cues numbered so each bank's are a prefix (SNDLAST).
Checked by make hosttest / layout / shot / drive / drive4 / frames / resettest / resetleave and four build gates.

CONFIG

fujinet-config/atari-2600: seven banks (hosts, browser, info, keyboard, WiFi, boot, copy). All four cartridge path buffers in use (working directory / SSID, filter / passphrase, copy source, edit scratch); the boot argument is path buffer 0; no inverse video, so > marks the selection and content gets eleven columns; the keyboard is 12×8 cells mapped onto ASCII 32–127 (ch = 32 + row*12 + col), shown through a PATH blit.

Things that cost real time

REGDATA and DATA are not console addresses; the reply is 512 not 256/1024; the claim and vectors are in the fixed half.
A read of a write port is a write → arm/commit is the defence.
A bank-switch hotspot returns the OLD bank's byte.
Banking is a pointer swap, never a copy (a memcpy passed every test in MAME).
UA and FE switch below A12.
Size detection needs the .cfg, and the hint must be spent.
A blit is single-slot on the RP2040 → BLITGEN.
The equates drift ($1C00 vs $1D00) → checkdefs.py.
Equates and code go in different include files.
The display's three bugs: the seventh GRP write, the VDELP drain, the LDX-vs-TSX cycle. Three glyph pairs redrawn.
READ_DIR_ENTRY maxlen 30 not 31; SET_DIRECTORY_POSITION is one word; never read past $7F,$7F; 256-byte payloads exactly; the appkey's reserved byte; the swap stub's AUDV and SWACNT/SWBCNT stores.
Battleship: the trampoline's stack leak; the settle-loop alias; a fleet does not fit in one overscan; a seam line past cycle 76 costs a second line; the four-seat recompose was 27.6 lines in 26.1.
batari Basic: 4K puts the vectors on the status page; a non-const value is a memory load; a playfield under 120 lines wraps the timer; a row per frame.
MAME: SDL_VIDEODRIVER=dummy; run from its own tree; one BoIP client; anchor the pkill pattern.

Trouble shooting

Symptom	Probable cause and remedy
No `F`,`N` at `$1F09`	wrong MAME slot (`-cartslot fujinet`) or no cartridge
FLAGS bit 1 clear	the claim is not at (size−2048)+`$710`
Nothing ever completes	the gate is closed, or the control page is one page off
ERR = 2 on everything	BASIC: a value without a `const`; asm: NPARAM mismatch; a stray MAME holding BoIP
ERR = 1	no USB link / fujinet-pc not running
NAK with ERR = 0	the adapter refused: parameter shape, short 256-byte payload, undispatched command
First transaction after RESET ignored	SEQ from a RAM counter; use ACKSEQ+1
Wrong glyphs in wrong columns	the positioning constants were changed
Last row repeats below the text	VDELP toggled instead of GRP0/GRP1/GRP0
Picture rolls (BASIC)	frame ≠ 262: fewer rows, `pfrowheight` 6, `noscore`, a row per frame
OPEN ok, STATUS empty / half a page	read STATUS again until two agree; devstatus ≠ 1 is the HTTP error
Booted game screams / no joystick	the stub forgot AUDV0/1 or SWACNT/SWBCNT
8K game runs wrong banks	it is E0/UA/FE: add a `.cfg`
`Could not initialize SDL`	`SDL_VIDEODRIVER=dummy`
Harness never runs	MAME not started from its own tree

Sources of truth

Source	Revision
`fn-2600/pico/atari-2600` (mailbox spec `firmware/include/fuji_mailbox.h`, firmware, MAME device, testroms, tools)	tree of 2026-09-15
`fujinet-firmware` (RS232 build: `lib/device/rs232`, `lib/device/fujiDevice`, `include/fujiCommandID.h`)	`d38e32543`
`fujinet-battleship/atari2600`	`b59ec45`
`fujinet-config/atari-2600`	`b4e3805`
`batari-Basic`	`efd6dcd` (v1.7 native)
`dasm`	2.20.16
`fujinet-pc-rs232`	`2a9e2c23f`

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FujiNet Programming Guide for the Atari 2600

FujiNet Programming Guide for the Atari 2600

Contents

Your FujiNet cartridge

Installing the tools

The cartridge window

How the mailbox works

The text display

Living in 128 bytes

The 6502 library

batari Basic on the mailbox

The programs

Command reference

FUJI device $70

Network devices $71–$78

Disk $31–$38, printer $40, clock $45, modem $50

The cartridge itself

Battleship

CONFIG

Things that cost real time

Trouble shooting

Sources of truth

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FUJI device `$70`

Network devices `$71`–`$78`

Disk `$31`–`$38`, printer `$40`, clock `$45`, modem `$50`